PERLCOMPILE

NAME

DESCRIPTION

The "B" module provides access to the parse tree, and other modules (``back ends'') do things with the tree. Some write it out as semi-human-readable text. Another traverses the parse tree to build a cross-reference of which subroutines, formats, and variables are used where. Another checks your code for dubious constructs. Yet another back end dumps the parse tree back out as Perl source, acting as a source code beautifier or deobfuscator.

Because its original purpose was to be a way to produce C code corresponding to a Perl program, and in turn a native executable, the "B" module and its associated back ends are known as ``the compiler'', even though they don't really compile anything. Different parts of the compiler are more accurately a ``translator'', or an ``inspector'', but people want Perl to have a ``compiler option'' not an ``inspector gadget''. What can you do?

This document covers the use of the Perl compiler: which modules it comprises, how to use the most important of the back end modules, what problems there are, and how to work around them.  

Layout

Here are the important back ends to know about, with their status expressed as a number from 0 (outline for later implementation) to 10 (if there's a bug in it, we're very surprised):

B::Lint

Complains if it finds dubious constructs in your source code. Status: 6 (it works adequately, but only has a very limited number of areas that it checks).

B::Deparse

Recreates the Perl source, making an attempt to format it coherently. Status: 8 (it works nicely, but a few obscure things are missing).

B::Xref

Reports on the declaration and use of subroutines and variables. Status: 8 (it works nicely, but still has a few lingering bugs).

Using The Back Ends

The O module automatically enabled the -c flag to Perl, which prevents Perl from executing your code once it has been compiled. This is why all the back ends print:

  myperlprogram syntax OK

before producing any other output.  

The Cross Referencing Back End

  Subroutine clear_noremap
    Package (lexical)
      $ready_to_print   i1069, 1079
    Package main
      $&                1086
      $.                1086
      $0                1086
      $1                1087
      $2                1085, 1085
      $3                1085, 1085
      $ARGV             1086
      %HTML_Escapes     1085, 1085

This shows the variables used in the subroutine "clear_noremap". The variable $ready_to_print is a my() (lexical) variable, introduced (first declared with my()) on line 1069, and used on line 1079. The variable $& from the main package is used on 1086, and so on.

A line number may be prefixed by a single letter:

i

Lexical variable introduced (declared with my()) for the first time.

&

Subroutine or method call.

s

Subroutine defined.

r

Format defined.

The most useful option the cross referencer has is to save the report to a separate file. For instance, to save the report on myperlprogram to the file report:

  $ perl -MO=Xref,-oreport myperlprogram

The Decompiling Back End

  $ perl -MO=Deparse myperlprogram

You'll notice immediately that Perl has no idea of how to paragraph your code. You'll have to separate chunks of code from each other with newlines by hand. However, watch what it will do with one-liners:

  $ perl -MO=Deparse -e '$op=shift||die "usage: $0
  code [...]";chomp(@ARGV=<>)unless@ARGV; for(@ARGV){$was=$_;eval$op;
  die$@ if$@; rename$was,$_ unless$was eq $_}'
  -e syntax OK
  $op = shift @ARGV || die("usage: $0 code [...]");
  chomp(@ARGV = <ARGV>) unless @ARGV;
  foreach $_ (@ARGV) {
      $was = $_;
      eval $op;
      die $@ if $@;
      rename $was, $_ unless $was eq $_;
  }

The decompiler has several options for the code it generates. For instance, you can set the size of each indent from 4 (as above) to 2 with:

  $ perl -MO=Deparse,-si2 myperlprogram

The -p option adds parentheses where normally they are omitted:

  $ perl -MO=Deparse -e 'print "Hello, world\n"'
  -e syntax OK
  print "Hello, world\n";
  $ perl -MO=Deparse,-p -e 'print "Hello, world\n"'
  -e syntax OK
  print("Hello, world\n");

See B::Deparse for more information on the formatting options.  

The Lint Back End

To run the style checker across your source code:

  $ perl -MO=Lint myperlprogram

To disable context checks and undefined subroutines:

  $ perl -MO=Lint,-context,-undefined-subs myperlprogram

See B::Lint for information on the options.  

Module List for the Compiler Suite

B

This module is the introspective (``reflective'' in Java terms) module, which allows a Perl program to inspect its innards. The back end modules all use this module to gain access to the compiled parse tree. You, the user of a back end module, will not need to interact with B.

O

This module is the front-end to the compiler's back ends. Normally called something like this:

  $ perl -MO=Deparse myperlprogram

This is like saying "use O 'Deparse'" in your Perl program.

B::Concise

This module prints a concise (but complete) version of the Perl parse tree. Its output is more customizable than the one of B::Terse or B::Debug (and it can emulate them). This module useful for people who are writing their own back end, or who are learning about the Perl internals. It's not useful to the average programmer.

B::Debug

This module dumps the Perl parse tree in verbose detail to STDOUT. It's useful for people who are writing their own back end, or who are learning about the Perl internals. It's not useful to the average programmer.

B::Deparse

This module produces Perl source code from the compiled parse tree. It is useful in debugging and deconstructing other people's code, also as a pretty-printer for your own source. See ``The Decompiling Back End'' for details about usage.

B::Lint

This module inspects the compiled form of your source code for things which, while some people frown on them, aren't necessarily bad enough to justify a warning. For instance, use of an array in scalar context without explicitly saying "scalar(@array)" is something that Lint can identify. See ``The Lint Back End'' for details about usage.

B::Showlex

This module prints out the my() variables used in a function or a file. To get a list of the my() variables used in the subroutine mysub() defined in the file myperlprogram:

  $ perl -MO=Showlex,mysub myperlprogram

To get a list of the my() variables used in the file myperlprogram:

  $ perl -MO=Showlex myperlprogram

[BROKEN]

B::Terse

This module prints the contents of the parse tree, but without as much information as B::Debug. For comparison, "print "Hello, world."" produced 96 lines of output from B::Debug, but only 6 from B::Terse.

This module is useful for people who are writing their own back end, or who are learning about the Perl internals. It's not useful to the average programmer.

B::Xref

This module prints a report on where the variables, subroutines, and formats are defined and used within a program and the modules it loads. See ``The Cross Referencing Back End'' for details about usage.

KNOWN PROBLEMS

AUTHOR